Month: December 2023

Kansans who wanted to toast the new year during the late 1800s and early 1900s may have had to make a doctor’s appointment first. Kansas became legally dry on May 1, 1881 with an amendment to the state constitution that forever prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors except for medical, scientific and mechanical purposes. Alcohol had to be prescribed by a physician to be obtained legally, and drug stores were made the responsible agency for liquor sales. Druggists could sell liquor only when a doctor’s written prescription was presented along with a sworn affidavit from customers stating that the liquor purchased would not be used as a beverage. Close tabs were kept on the amount of alcohol that pharmacies were receiving and selling as well as to whom they were selling to.

District judges were the only ones with the authority to give out permits for selling liquor. All other places where liquor either was manufactured or sold in violation of the law were deemed public nuisances, and offenses were punishable by a fine and 30 to 80 days in jail. Primary responsibility for the law’s enforcement fell to county attorneys but was made difficult because sales of intoxicants equaled several hundred dollars annually in additional income for pharmacists. Selling liquor “for medicinal purposes” quickly became the largest loophole in the law with physicians prescribing alcohol-laden substances for a wide range of illnesses from colic to diarrhea, and new diseases were “invented” for which liquor was the prescribed elixir. Since the term “intoxicating” was not clearly defined, some businessmen sold concoctions under names like “cider” claiming to not know that they could be intoxicating.

According to the Kansas State Historical Society, the law was largely ignored. Many of the state’s drinking spots remained in operation, and underground clubs and saloons also popped up in various places. Some communities and counties across Kansas were content to let them continue operation with minimal fines. Still, many citizens believed that the sale of liquor tended to affect communities socially, morally and politically. The temperance movement which had begun in the territorial days of Kansas gained momentum before the turn of the century with Carrie Nation and her hatchet leading the way. The Hurrel’s Nuisance Bill was enacted in 1901 which specified that all equipment, liquors, and property kept in and used to maintain places where liquor was manufactured, sold, given away or bartered were also common nuisances. The law provided for the issuance of search and seizure warrants against places where liquor was thought to be sold.

Take the case of local doctor George C.W. Richards, a highly respectable member of the community. Richards arrived in Kearny County in 1885 and was one of the first two doctors in Hartland. He later operated drug stores in Lakin and Deerfield where he also treated patients.  The good doctor was known to make house calls as far away as Stanton County and was complimented by a 1906 Advocate for doing his part to build up the city and county as “one of our foremost businessmen.” Richards was so well liked that he was elected as a representative to the State Legislature.

But in November 1908, Richards’ Lakin business, the Palace Drug Store, was raided under the search and seizure act after a formal complaint was filed by Rev. Chambers, pastor of the Methodist Church. Among the items seized by authorities were 51 bottles of Peruvian Elixir with 42% alcohol, 37 bottles Rock Candy Cordial containing 30% alcohol, 3 bottles of Walker’s Blended Malt Whiskey, 12 bottles Duffy’s Pure Malt Whiskey, one case of beer, 32 quart-bottles of Clay Wilkins Pure Malt Whiskey 44% alcohol by volume, and at least three other “medicines” which all contained from 39 to 40 percent alcohol. Richards was found guilty of maintaining a nuisance, fined $100 and court costs, and sentenced to 30 days in jail but was released on $1,000 parole bond. Richards sold his drug business in January 1909, and the doctor and his wife moved to California the following month.

The Kansas Legislature continued to revise and strengthen the statutes, and a 1909 revision closed the major loophole in the old law that had allowed druggists to sell liquor for “medicinal purposes.” In February of 1917, Governor Arthur Capper signed a version of the national bone-dry law into effect. The most drastic anti-liquor enactment written at that time made it a crime to possess liquor in any form. The lone exception was communion wine.

With the advent of the first World War, the United States Congress banned the use of foodstuffs in the production of distilled liquor from September 1917 until the end of the war. This was followed up with the 18^th Amendment to the Constitution. The Prohibition Amendment declared the production, transport and sale of intoxicating liquors as illegal but did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. To enforce prohibition, Congress passed the Volstead Act which declared an intoxicating beverage to be anything that contained more than 0.5% alcohol, and liquor, wine and beer qualified as intoxicating liquors and were prohibited. The U.S. was the first nation to make such a provision a part of its basic law. National prohibition began on January 17, 1920, one year after the 18^th amendment was ratified by the states.

Of course, making liquor illegal did not make it non-existent. Newspapers from that time period contain plenty of stories of moonshine makers, bootleggers and speakeasy bars despite the attempts of national, state, and local law enforcement officials to “dry up” the country. On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Beer and Wine Revenue Act. This law levied a federal tax on all alcoholic beverages to raise revenue for the federal government and gave individual states the option to further regulate the sale and distribution of beer and wine. Because Prohibition was still officially the law, a limit had to be placed on the amount of alcohol allowed in beer. Hearings were held, and the political process worked out a standard that could gather the necessary votes — 3.2% alcohol by weight. The passage of the 21st Amendment in December 1933 officially ended national prohibition, but Kansas remained dry until 1937 when the state began allowing 3.2% beer. Kansas’ 1881 amendment was tossed out in 1948 when voters rejected prohibition, and the state was placed under a local option law.

SOURCES: Liquor Wars and the Law by Kenneth J. Peak and Jason W. Peak; Diggin’ Up Bones by Betty Barnes; Kansas State Historical Society; High Plains Public Radio; History.com; Wikipedia; and archives of The Advocate and Lakin Investigator.

On the northwest corner of Lincoln Avenue and Lakin Street in Lakin is an unpretentious building which has been used for several years as apartment rentals. Those who don’t know the history of the building would probably never dream that it was once St. Anthony’s Catholic Church. Like other denominations and organizations, the first Catholics here met at various locations in town. Church services were sporadic and led by Catholic missionaries or priests visiting from nearby towns; word of their arrival being spread by postcard or through the grapevine. Catholics would come for miles to attend mass, and for some, attending the services required making a two-day trip.

Talk of erecting a church building began in 1902, and in 1903, lots for the church were donated by Michael Weber and his wife, Jennie. Church fairs were held in 1904 and 1905 to raise funds, and by March of 1906, the lumber had been received at a good discount from the firm of O’Loughlin and Weber and was placed on the ground. Construction progressed slowly but persistently with other fundraisers being held to help pay for the project. Mr. Weber supervised construction. Worship services were held in the unfinished church beginning in 1907, and on Feb. 5, 1907, a solemn High Mass was celebrated there in honor of the 25^th wedding anniversary of Mr. and Mrs. John O’Loughlin, two of the first Catholics in the community.

Once the church building was completed, an official dedication ceremony took place September 30, 1908, led by Bishop John Joseph Hennessey of Wichita with assistance from the reverends Julius Monier of Wichita, Austin Hull of Spearville, Michael Mennis of Dodge City who had previously served Lakin, and Joseph Bogner who was the priest in charge of Lakin at that time. Both Lakin and Ulysses were served by the same priest and were missions attached to Saint Mary’s Church of Garden City. The status of Saint Anthony’s continued the same until July 1, 1948 when the Lakin church became a self-supporting parish, and the Rev. Alex Leiker was installed as its first resident pastor.

Excavation was started for a parish house on the west grounds behind the church in April 1931. A generous donation years before from Mr. and Mrs. A.G. Campbell, along with other funds, paid for the structure. Prior to the building of the house, visiting priests frequently stayed at the Weber home a block north of the church.

Following the construction of Lakin’s first Catholic church, Michael and Jennie Weber were in charge of ringing the church bell three times a day. It is unknown when the bell at St. Anthony’s ceased to ring. By 1963, the parish had grown to a membership of 285 and outgrown the facilities. That September, the cornerstone was laid for the current church building, and dedication ceremonies of the church and blessing of the rectory were conducted December 8, 1964, making the move from the Lincoln & Lakin location both official and complete.

The bell from the old church building was saved and installed near St. Anthony’s church hall. An explanation for the ringing of the bell appeared in the August 5, 1910 Lakin Investigator, and with this being the season of Jesus’ birth, this writer felt compelled to include the entire article:

“Morning noon and night the citizens of Lakin hear the ringing of the catholic church bell. . . Why is the signal with the bell given three times a day? To remind us, to remember oftener, and to impress more seriously on our minds the great grace granted us by the Eternal Father, when he announced, through the angel Gabriel, the incarnation of his own divine son. The prayer said at the signal of the bell is commonly called Angelus, and its origin is as follows:

“Saint Bonaventura, in a general chapter of the Franciscan order in 1225, directed the Angelus to be said in all Franciscan houses at the evening bell. Some recited the prayer also at sunrise, some both in the morning and evening. When the great victory at Belgrade seemed such a clear response to the united prayers of the Christian world, Pope Callixtus III directed the bell to be rung also in the middle of the day. Thus the devotion assumed the form so familiar to us: The triple player, signifying the beginning; the middle and the close of the day. The prayer recited at each sound of the bell comprises the three versicles: 1 — The angel of the Lord declared unto Mary, and she conceived of the Holy Ghost. 2—Behold the hand maid of the Lord, be it done unto me according to the word. 3—And the word was made flesh and dwelt among us. Each of these is followed by a Hail Mary. The devotion is recited kneeling, except on Sundays, when it is said standing, though a genuflection is made at the third versicle. Such is the general, touching devotion of the church, keeping alive faith in the mystery of the incarnation and in that mystery it is impossible to think of our Lord except in connection with His blessed Mother. It is a scriptural devotion, the words being taken from St. Luke, 1-28-35-31 St. John 1-14, the Hail Mary itself is mainly from St. Luke, 1-28-42.

“In many places, after the third strokes the three times, the bell tolls 33 times, the number of years our Savior was on earth, though that is not strictly observed here we sincerely believe the ringing of the Angelus can be made a great blessing to every Christian within its hearing if they too will turn their thoughts to the almighty Father for the moment. We know some protestants who, knowing the bell was a call for devotion, have fell into the habit of calling on the Lord for his blessings and help. Faithfulness in the sight of God, we are told, means far more than to be successful, so that those so faithfully ring out the Angelus in Lakin, morning, noon and night, little dream of the aid they are giving in the upbuilding of Christ’s Kingdom.”

Merry Christmas from Kearny County Historical Society!!!

SOURCES: Information written by the late Father Alex Leiker; Ancestry.com; archives of the Lakin Investigator, Advocate and Lakin Independent; and Museum archives.

From beet growing to banking, A.G. Campbell met with success in many business ventures and was influential in both the Lakin and Deerfield communities. His great-grandson, Earle D. Rice, wrote that A.G. accomplished in his 25 years in Kearny County what took other men 40 to 70 years to achieve. Born Adam Grant Campbell in 1864 at Portsmouth, OH, A.G. was the son of William and Jane (Boyd) Campbell. The year following his birth, his parents moved westward to Scotland County in northeastern Missouri where A.G. grew to manhood.

In 1885, he married Sarah (Sally) Mudd, the daughter of B.F. and Catharine (Medley) Mudd who was born in 1863 in Scotland County. She was from an English Catholic family who located to Maryland in the 1600s and gradually migrated west. Sarah and A.G. were married by a Catholic priest in the home of the bride’s parents. As the story goes, A.G. was of Scottish Presbyterian roots and refused during their wedding service to agree to raising their children as Catholics. The ceremony was stopped until their issues could be resolved. Needless to say, the children were not raised as Catholics, but Sarah remained a Roman Catholic all her life. The couple moved to Lakin with their six children in April of 1902. Their household goods, livestock, farm machinery and fence posts were shipped by emigrant car while Sarah and the children (Earle, Carl, Adam Jr., John, Mary and Catherine) traveled by passenger train.

 

The family made their home in Lakin for a month while their farm home (located seven miles northeast of here) was made ready. According to the April 12, 1902 Lakin Investigator, A.G. purchased the old Blazer and Jackson farms and 3,000 acres adjoining “which will make one of the best ranches in the county.” Part of the farm was under irrigation from the Amazon Canal while to the north was a vast area of unfenced buffalo grass. Later that year, Campbell acquired land 15 miles northwest of Lakin as summer camp headquarters for grazing. A.G. enjoyed a lucrative business in both ranching and farming. The irrigated crops from 1902 to 1906 were very good, and plenty of hay and fodder were raised for the family’s cattle and horses. The sugar beet era was just beginning in southwestern Kansas, and A.G. excelled at growing the crop. He was elected president of the Kearny County beet growers in 1905. Then, the US Sugar and Land Company came calling because the company wanted the Campbell’s farm land to create Lake McKinney. The farm was sold, and the Campbells moved into Lakin in September 1906. A.G. eventually acquired about 25,000 acres of land in Kearny and Hamilton Counties according to his great-grandson. In addition to raising cattle, he also raised Percheron work horses and mules, but that is only part of his story.

A.G. became a successful real estate agent as a partner in the firms of Campbell & Horde and Campbell & Loucks. In 1906, he went into business at Lakin with J.T. Horde in the Campbell-Horde Lumber company. Then came the construction of the Campbell building on Main Street in Lakin in 1907 which was initially leased out to house Fitzgerald and Locke General Merchandise. In December of 1908, A.G. purchased their dry goods stock and took on O.E. Piper as a partner, and the store was ran under the name of Campbell-Piper Mercantile Co. That partnership was dissolved in 1912, and the store became known as Campbell Mercantile. In January 1915, A.G. purchased the Entz brothers mercantile business at 601 Main in Deerfield (also known as Deerfield Mercantile), and that firm was also named Campbell Mercantile. The business was later relocated to 605 Main.

In addition to serving on the board of directors of the Deerfield State Bank, A.G. Campbell was a director for the Kearny County Bank as well as the First National Bank in Syracuse where he was president in the early ‘20s. The civically minded Campbell also held roles as a Lakin city council member, Kearny County commissioner, and a representative on the board of directors of the Kansas-Colorado Railroad Company. In June of 1910, A.G. announced his candidacy for the 116th Legislative District on the Republican ticket, but it was one of the few times in his life that he did not succeed.

The Deerfield Horse Breeders’ Association, Red Cross and the Lakin Commercial Club were just some of the many organizations he was also involved with.

 

Sarah Campbell died May 7, 1927. The Christian fortitude of Mrs. Campbell during her days of illness and suffering prior to her death made a profound impact on A.G. He joined the Presbyterian Church, making a public and emotional profession of faith. Prior to that time, he had been skeptical of religion in general. Adam Grant Campbell died just months after his wife on August 13, 1927, a life well lived.

 

 

SOURCES: Diggin’ Up Bones by Betty Barnes; “The Campbells have Come” by Earle D. Rice; History of Kearny County Vols. I & II; Ancestry.com; FindaGrave; Archives of the Lakin Investigator, Advocate and Independent; and museum archives.

 

New houses and store buildings sprung up seemingly overnight at Deerfield with the dawn of sugar beets in the area. Thinking the town would secure the sugar beet factory, inhabitants began to look around for an advertising outlet, and the town’s first newspaper, “The Deerfield Farmer” was launched on December 22, 1904. Though printed at Garden City, the local editor was a young Deerfield man by the name of Lewis Beckett. The inaugural issue claimed the aim of the paper was to, “help bring about better conditions financially and otherwise. To the citizens of Kearny county, to agricultural and stock interests, it will be especially devoted.” Although the paper lasted not even a year, the town of Deerfield continued to grow.

In January of 1905, Deerfield schools reported a total of 83 students, and so many laborers came during 1905 and 1906 that there was no place for them to stay. Tents were erected for housing including an extra-large tent that was used as a boarding house. On April 1, 1907, several resident electors of the community presented a petition to Kearny County Commissioners requesting that Deerfield be incorporated as a city of the third class. The number of inhabitants at that time inside the City of Deerfield was 225. The petitioners’ request was granted, and businessman John B. Piper was elected the first mayor when city elections were held later that month.

In April 1908, The Deerfield Telephone Company was organized providing both local and rural residents with phone services. Prior to that time, a wire had been run from Lakin’s exchange to the Corbett and Sower general store in Deerfield, and residents had to go to the store to place a phone call. Rural Route #1, which was Deerfield’s first and only postal route, was established Sept. 1, 1908 according to information provided by the late Arnold Kettler, former Deerfield postmaster. George Hurst was the first regular rural carrier and serviced his patrons by means of a horse-drawn vehicle when the 26-mile long route was initiated.

The Deerfield News, published by Cecil P. Rich, arrived on the scene in April of 1909, but Charles Oakford bought out Rich and assumed editorial duties the next month. Oakford also published a socialist paper called the “Prolocutor.” By mid-October, the Deerfield News was finished as the people became very antagonistic toward the editor when each issue became more and more filled with socialist articles and advertising. Deerfield residents became so incensed that that they burned an effigy of Oakford, and the editor was egged while attending a baseball game at Lakin. By the end of October, Oakford had bought a home in Garden City and relocated there.

Deerfield rose above the fray, and in December 1909, the Lakin Investigator declared, “Deerfield is one of the snappy towns of our county, and where three years ago was only one store and a couple of dwellings, now a little city of the third class, with over 200 people, mayor and councilmen full of ginger spirit that makes things move. Two churches, good schools, two general stores, bank and drug store located in brick blocks, two hotels, restaurant, harness store, hardware and implement, machine shop, meat market, lumber yard, livery, barber shops, pool rooms and everything found in a live little western town, surrounded by one of the most intensive farming districts in the whole valley.”

In 1911, John F. Carter began publishing the Deerfield Echo, and that same year, the Deerfield Commercial Club was organized to promote the interests of Deerfield and the surrounding country. C.L. Beckett was installed as president with Jacob Regher, J.E. Lander, L.T. Beckett, R.A. Beckett, I.L. Middleton, Carl Miller, Wm. Kersten, Adam Molz, A.D. White and J.W. Sowers listed as the other officers and directors. An August 1911 Echo listed the following as achievements of the Deerfield Commercial Club: securing large accommodating stockyards, securing the best newspaper of any town many times larger, placement of a public watering place, erection of an irrigating plant at the cemetery, securing a block for a city park, installing electric lights for the park and bandstand, and securing a doctor. “We think this is going some for a town of our age and size.”

SOURCES: History of Kearny County Vol. 1; archives of the Deerfield Farmer, Deerfield Echo, Lakin Investigator, Advocate, Lakin Independent, and Evening Telegram; and Museum archives.